Following the intensification of independence movements among both Muslim and non-Muslim Indians in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century—led primarily by the Indian National Congress—a number of Muslim politicians and intellectuals, concerned about the potential marginalization of Muslim rights by certain Hindu factions, established the All-India Muslim League in December 1906. While the League initially shared the Congress’s goal of achieving Indian independence, it gradually diverged from the Congress, particularly on the issue of Muslim political rights after independence. From the 1930s onward, based on the "Two-Nation Theory"—which posited Hindus and Muslims as belonging to two distinct religious and cultural nations—the Muslim League began advocating for the creation of a separate Muslim state. This demand generated significant support and opposition among both Muslim and Hindu communities. Among those who initially approached the idea with caution and later, from 1940 onwards, expressed strong and organized opposition were the Shi'a Muslims, including both the Imami (Twelvers) and Ismaili branches. This article explores the origins and development of the Two-Nation Theory and its connection to the Muslim League, focusing in particular on the political stance of various Shi'a groups, with special emphasis on the All-India Shi'a Political Conference